Hard coral species such as elkhorn and staghorn are essential for a reef ecosystem, which fosters marine life and safeguards coastal communities from hurricanes and other storms. However, Florida’s reef ecosystems have faced significant challenges in recent years. Heatwaves, hurricanes, disease and pollution have resulted in the destruction of tens of millions of coral colonies over the past decades.

Scientists are now concerned about the reproductive abilities of coral. There is evidence suggesting that the spawning of polyps, the larvae of corals, is being hindered. While corals can reproduce asexually by cloning themselves, sexual reproduction introduces new genetic diversity that aids in their adaptation to changing ocean conditions.

The researchers believe that the decline in baby coral is multifaceted. Not only do fewer colonies produce fewer offspring, but the corals are often too far apart to produce fertilized eggs. New research published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences indicates that corals require a proximity of 30 feet to mate. Coral larvae need to attach themselves to a bare patch of seafloor, which has become increasingly difficult as seabeds have become covered in seaweed or macroalgae that has grown unchecked due to reduced populations of sea creatures that feed on it.